附注:西方的三人规则有不同的操作方法: The Three-Person Rule Purposes
1)To stop a small minority from monopolizing a large-group discussion
2)To create opportunities for multiple people to contribute
To socialize people into listening to several people before making a follow-up comment
How It Works
——The facilitator opens a large-group discussion by proposing a ground rule to ensure that as many voices as possible are heard: once someone has contributed something to the discussion he or she should not contribute again until at least three other people have spoken.
精句摘要(Hatful of Quotes)
在讨论选读课文之前,教师把一些课文中重要关键句子,或是有争议的论点打印出来。每一个重要引述都重复打印,然后裁成纸条放入一个帽子或是容器中。上课时,教师让每位学生从中抽取一个纸条,学生则有一分钟的时间针对所抽到的纸条题目思考,然后依序念出抽到的精句摘要,并且发表他的看法。
Hatful Of Quotes
A technique for introducing provocative ideas from an outside source.
Before Class
- Select five or six passages from a text.
- Transfer them to small slips of paper, with each quote appearing on at least two slips of paper.
In Class
- Put the quotes in a hat (or other suitable container).
- Ask students to draw a slip from the hat.
- Give them several minutes to think about the quote they drew.
- Ask everyone to read his or her quote aloud and comment on it to the group.
维持原状或改变立场(Stand Where You Stand)
教师针对某一重要议题,事先给学生阅读相关文献,阅读内容包括各种不同角度的论述。上课时,教师先就课前阅读的课题提出陈述,再给予学生三分钟写下赞同或反对的意见及理由。于此同时,教师在教室的四个角落摆下“非常同意”、“部分同意”、“部分反对”、“非常反对”的牌子,请学生选择一个最代表他们意见的牌子,站到那一区。同区的学生则两人或三人一组,先各自分享自己选择该区的理由,每一区再向全班同学轮流陈述他们的理由。在听了别组的意见之后,每一区的任何一位学生若觉得某一区的理由具说服力,都可转到该区去。
感恩与回响(Show My Appreciation)
在讨论进行中,尤其是讨论胶着不清时,教师可以叫一个暂停,让学生回想从开始讨论到目前为止,是否有“某一人”或是“某个论点”帮助自己厘清一些观念,或是帮自己了解议题的多面性?还是某一个论述是自己从未想到过的?或是某同学的某一个说法把相关的思维串联起来?抑或其中的哪一个例子,让艰涩难懂的观念豁然开朗了?教师可以让学生用便利贴纸写下后,张贴在教室四周,让学生自由查看,并有机会反思,感受到自己的意见对整体讨论的贡献。